"I just didn't want to have bolts in my back. I just didn't want hardware." That's Scott M., 68, a degenerative-disc patient of ours who had been told a fusion was next. Not wanting hardware is a reason to get evaluated. It isn't, on its own, a reason to skip the operation, and the table is where the two part ways.
The question
Spinal fusion
Image-guided injection
What is done to the disc
Disc removed; a cage and screws hold the vertebrae until bone grows across
Cells placed into and around the disc. Nothing removed, nothing implanted
The day itself
Operating room, general anesthesia, nights in hospital
Local anesthetic, 15 to 30 minutes, most patients home the same day
Recovery
Months, with lifting limits
About a week of soreness; any response read over months
What it can change
Stops motion at an unstable segment and takes pressure off a nerve
The inflammatory environment around the disc and the nerve root
What it cannot change
The levels above and below, which take the extra load
A mechanically unstable spine, a free fragment in the canal, a disc with no height left
When it is the right answer
Instability. A weakening nerve, a large fragment, or cauda equina (compressed nerves at the base of the spine) usually needs a decompression rather than a fusion
Most disc problems, a worn disc or a herniation, after months of failed conservative care, with no red flags